// Ceres Solver - A fast non-linear least squares minimizer
// Copyright 2023 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
// http://ceres-solver.org/
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//
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// Author: sameeragarwal@google.com (Sameer Agarwal)

#ifndef CERES_PUBLIC_NUMERIC_DIFF_FIRST_ORDER_FUNCTION_H_
#define CERES_PUBLIC_NUMERIC_DIFF_FIRST_ORDER_FUNCTION_H_

#include <algorithm>
#include <memory>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>

#include "absl/log/check.h"
#include "ceres/first_order_function.h"
#include "ceres/internal/eigen.h"
#include "ceres/internal/fixed_array.h"
#include "ceres/internal/numeric_diff.h"
#include "ceres/internal/parameter_dims.h"
#include "ceres/internal/variadic_evaluate.h"
#include "ceres/numeric_diff_options.h"
#include "ceres/types.h"

namespace ceres {

// Creates FirstOrderFunctions as needed by the GradientProblem
// framework, with gradients computed via numeric differentiation. For
// more information on numeric differentiation, see the wikipedia
// article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_differentiation
//
// To get an numerically differentiated cost function, you must define
// a class with an operator() (a functor) that computes the cost.
//
// The function must write the computed value in the last argument
// (the only non-const one) and return true to indicate success.
//
// For example, consider a scalar error e = x'y - a, where both x and y are
// two-dimensional column vector parameters, the prime sign indicates
// transposition, and a is a constant.
//
// To write an numerically-differentiable cost function for the above model,
// first define the object
//
//  class QuadraticCostFunctor {
//   public:
//    explicit QuadraticCostFunctor(double a) : a_(a) {}
//    bool operator()(const double* const xy, double* cost) const {
//      constexpr int kInputVectorLength = 2;
//      const double* const x = xy;
//      const double* const y = xy + kInputVectorLength;
//      *cost = x[0] * y[0] + x[1] * y[1] - a_;
//      return true;
//    }
//
//   private:
//    double a_;
//  };
//
//
// Note that in the declaration of operator() the input parameters xy
// come first, and are passed as const pointers to array of
// doubles. The output cost is the last parameter.
//
// Then given this class definition, the numerically differentiated
// first order function with central differences used for computing the
// derivative can be constructed as follows.
//
//   FirstOrderFunction* function
//       = new NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction<MyScalarCostFunctor, CENTRAL, 4>(
//           new QuadraticCostFunctor(1.0));                   ^     ^     ^
//                                                             |     |     |
//                                 Finite Differencing Scheme -+     |     |
//                                 Dimension of xy ------------------------+
//
//
// In the instantiation above, the template parameters following
// "QuadraticCostFunctor", "CENTRAL, 4", describe the finite
// differencing scheme as "central differencing" and the functor as
// computing its cost from a 4 dimensional input.
//
// If the size of the parameter vector is not known at compile time, then an
// alternate construction syntax can be used:
//
//   FirstOrderFunction* function
//       = new NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction<MyScalarCostFunctor, CENTRAL>(
//           new QuadraticCostFunctor(1.0), 4);
//
// Note that instead of passing 4 as a template argument, it is now passed as
// the second argument to the constructor.
template <typename FirstOrderFunctor,
          NumericDiffMethodType kMethod,
          int kNumParameters = DYNAMIC>
class NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction final : public FirstOrderFunction {
 public:
  template <class... Args,
            bool kIsDynamic = kNumParameters == DYNAMIC,
            std::enable_if_t<!kIsDynamic &&
                             std::is_constructible_v<FirstOrderFunctor,
                                                     Args&&...>>* = nullptr>
  explicit NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction(Args&&... args)
      : NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction{std::make_unique<FirstOrderFunction>(
            std::forward<Args>(args)...)} {}

  NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction(const NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction&) = delete;
  NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction& operator=(
      const NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction&) = delete;
  NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction(
      NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction&& other) noexcept = default;
  NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction& operator=(
      NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction&& other) noexcept = default;

  // Constructor for the case where the parameter size is known at compile time.
  explicit NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction(
      FirstOrderFunctor* functor,
      Ownership ownership = TAKE_OWNERSHIP,
      const NumericDiffOptions& options = NumericDiffOptions())
      : NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction{
            std::unique_ptr<FirstOrderFunctor>{functor},
            kNumParameters,
            ownership,
            options,
            FIXED_INIT} {}

  // Constructor for the case where the parameter size is known at compile time.
  explicit NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction(
      std::unique_ptr<FirstOrderFunctor> functor,
      const NumericDiffOptions& options = NumericDiffOptions())
      : NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction{
            std::move(functor), kNumParameters, TAKE_OWNERSHIP, FIXED_INIT} {}

  // Constructor for the case where the parameter size is specified at run time.
  explicit NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction(
      FirstOrderFunctor* functor,
      int num_parameters,
      Ownership ownership = TAKE_OWNERSHIP,
      const NumericDiffOptions& options = NumericDiffOptions())
      : NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction{
            std::unique_ptr<FirstOrderFunctor>{functor},
            num_parameters,
            ownership,
            options,
            DYNAMIC_INIT} {}

  // Constructor for the case where the parameter size is specified at run time.
  explicit NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction(
      std::unique_ptr<FirstOrderFunctor> functor,
      int num_parameters,
      Ownership ownership = TAKE_OWNERSHIP,
      const NumericDiffOptions& options = NumericDiffOptions())
      : NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction{std::move(functor),
                                      num_parameters,
                                      ownership,
                                      options,
                                      DYNAMIC_INIT} {}

  ~NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction() override {
    if (ownership_ != TAKE_OWNERSHIP) {
      functor_.release();
    }
  }

  bool Evaluate(const double* const parameters,
                double* cost,
                double* gradient) const override {
    // Get the function value (cost) at the point to evaluate.
    if (!(*functor_)(parameters, cost)) {
      return false;
    }

    if (gradient == nullptr) {
      return true;
    }

    // Create a copy of the parameters which will get mutated.
    internal::FixedArray<double, 32> parameters_copy(num_parameters_);
    std::copy_n(parameters, num_parameters_, parameters_copy.data());
    double* parameters_ptr = parameters_copy.data();
    constexpr int kNumResiduals = 1;
    if constexpr (kNumParameters == DYNAMIC) {
      internal::FirstOrderFunctorAdapter<FirstOrderFunctor> fofa(*functor_);
      return internal::NumericDiff<
          internal::FirstOrderFunctorAdapter<FirstOrderFunctor>,
          kMethod,
          kNumResiduals,
          internal::DynamicParameterDims,
          0,
          DYNAMIC>::EvaluateJacobianForParameterBlock(&fofa,
                                                      cost,
                                                      options_,
                                                      kNumResiduals,
                                                      0,
                                                      num_parameters_,
                                                      &parameters_ptr,
                                                      gradient);
    } else {
      return internal::EvaluateJacobianForParameterBlocks<
          internal::StaticParameterDims<kNumParameters>>::
          template Apply<kMethod, 1>(functor_.get(),
                                     cost,
                                     options_,
                                     kNumResiduals,
                                     &parameters_ptr,
                                     &gradient);
    }
  }

  int NumParameters() const override { return num_parameters_; }

  const FirstOrderFunctor& functor() const { return *functor_; }

 private:
  // Tags used to differentiate between dynamic and fixed size constructor
  // delegate invocations.
  static constexpr std::integral_constant<int, DYNAMIC> DYNAMIC_INIT{};
  static constexpr std::integral_constant<int, kNumParameters> FIXED_INIT{};

  template <class InitTag>
  explicit NumericDiffFirstOrderFunction(
      std::unique_ptr<FirstOrderFunctor> functor,
      int num_parameters,
      Ownership ownership,
      const NumericDiffOptions& options,
      InitTag /*unused*/)
      : functor_(std::move(functor)),
        num_parameters_(num_parameters),
        ownership_(ownership),
        options_(options) {
    static_assert(
        kNumParameters == FIXED_INIT,
        "Template parameter must be DYNAMIC when using this constructor. If "
        "you want to provide the number of parameters statically use the other "
        "constructor.");
    if constexpr (InitTag::value == DYNAMIC_INIT) {
      CHECK_GT(num_parameters, 0);
    }
  }

  std::unique_ptr<FirstOrderFunctor> functor_;
  int num_parameters_;
  Ownership ownership_;
  NumericDiffOptions options_;
};

}  // namespace ceres

#endif  // CERES_PUBLIC_NUMERIC_DIFF_FIRST_ORDER_FUNCTION_H_