Add dynamic_sparsity option.

The standard sparse normal Cholesky solver assumes a fixed
sparsity pattern which is useful for a large number of problems
presented to Ceres. However, some problems are symbolically dense
but numerically sparse i.e. each residual is a function of a
large number of parameters but at any given state the residual
only depends on a sparse subset of them. For these class of
problems it is faster to re-analyse the sparsity pattern of the
jacobian at each iteration of the non-linear optimisation instead
of including all of the zero entries in the step computation.

The proposed solution adds the dynamic_sparsity option which can
be used with SPARSE_NORMAL_CHOLESKY. A
DynamicCompressedRowSparseMatrix type (which extends
CompressedRowSparseMatrix) has been introduced which allows
dynamic addition and removal of elements. A Finalize method is
provided which then consolidates the matrix so that it can be
used in place of a regular CompressedRowSparseMatrix. An
associated jacobian writer has also been provided.

Changes that were required to make this extension were adding the
SetMaxNumNonZeros method to CompressedRowSparseMatrix and adding
a JacobianFinalizer template parameter to the ProgramEvaluator.

Change-Id: Ia5a8a9523fdae8d5b027bc35e70b4611ec2a8d01
23 files changed