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// Ceres Solver - A fast non-linear least squares minimizer
// Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
// http://ceres-solver.org/
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
// and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its contributors may be
// used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
// specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
// AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
// ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
// CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
// SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
// INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
// CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
// ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
// POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: moll.markus@arcor.de (Markus Moll)
#include "ceres/dogleg_strategy.h"
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include "ceres/dense_qr_solver.h"
#include "ceres/internal/eigen.h"
#include "ceres/linear_solver.h"
#include "ceres/trust_region_strategy.h"
#include "glog/logging.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
namespace ceres {
namespace internal {
namespace {
class Fixture : public testing::Test {
protected:
std::unique_ptr<DenseSparseMatrix> jacobian_;
Vector residual_;
Vector x_;
TrustRegionStrategy::Options options_;
};
// A test problem where
//
// J^T J = Q diag([1 2 4 8 16 32]) Q^T
//
// where Q is a randomly chosen orthonormal basis of R^6.
// The residual is chosen so that the minimum of the quadratic function is
// at (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1). It is therefore at a distance of sqrt(6) ~ 2.45
// from the origin.
class DoglegStrategyFixtureEllipse : public Fixture {
protected:
void SetUp() final {
Matrix basis(6, 6);
// The following lines exceed 80 characters for better readability.
// clang-format off
basis << -0.1046920933796121, -0.7449367449921986, -0.4190744502875876, -0.4480450716142566, 0.2375351607929440, -0.0363053418882862, // NOLINT
0.4064975684355914, 0.2681113508511354, -0.7463625494601520, -0.0803264850508117, -0.4463149623021321, 0.0130224954867195, // NOLINT
-0.5514387729089798, 0.1026621026168657, -0.5008316122125011, 0.5738122212666414, 0.2974664724007106, 0.1296020877535158, // NOLINT
0.5037835370947156, 0.2668479925183712, -0.1051754618492798, -0.0272739396578799, 0.7947481647088278, -0.1776623363955670, // NOLINT
-0.4005458426625444, 0.2939330589634109, -0.0682629380550051, -0.2895448882503687, -0.0457239396341685, -0.8139899477847840, // NOLINT
-0.3247764582762654, 0.4528151365941945, -0.0276683863102816, -0.6155994592510784, 0.1489240599972848, 0.5362574892189350; // NOLINT
// clang-format on
Vector Ddiag(6);
Ddiag << 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, 32.0;
Matrix sqrtD = Ddiag.array().sqrt().matrix().asDiagonal();
Matrix jacobian = sqrtD * basis;
jacobian_.reset(new DenseSparseMatrix(jacobian));
Vector minimum(6);
minimum << 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0;
residual_ = -jacobian * minimum;
x_.resize(6);
x_.setZero();
options_.min_lm_diagonal = 1.0;
options_.max_lm_diagonal = 1.0;
}
};
// A test problem where
//
// J^T J = diag([1 2 4 8 16 32]) .
//
// The residual is chosen so that the minimum of the quadratic function is
// at (0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0). It is therefore at a distance of 1 from the origin.
// The gradient at the origin points towards the global minimum.
class DoglegStrategyFixtureValley : public Fixture {
protected:
void SetUp() final {
Vector Ddiag(6);
Ddiag << 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, 32.0;
Matrix jacobian = Ddiag.asDiagonal();
jacobian_.reset(new DenseSparseMatrix(jacobian));
Vector minimum(6);
minimum << 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0;
residual_ = -jacobian * minimum;
x_.resize(6);
x_.setZero();
options_.min_lm_diagonal = 1.0;
options_.max_lm_diagonal = 1.0;
}
};
const double kTolerance = 1e-14;
const double kToleranceLoose = 1e-5;
const double kEpsilon = std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon();
} // namespace
// The DoglegStrategy must never return a step that is longer than the current
// trust region radius.
TEST_F(DoglegStrategyFixtureEllipse, TrustRegionObeyedTraditional) {
std::unique_ptr<LinearSolver> linear_solver(
new DenseQRSolver(LinearSolver::Options()));
options_.linear_solver = linear_solver.get();
// The global minimum is at (1, 1, ..., 1), so the distance to it is
// sqrt(6.0). By restricting the trust region to a radius of 2.0,
// we test if the trust region is actually obeyed.
options_.dogleg_type = TRADITIONAL_DOGLEG;
options_.initial_radius = 2.0;
options_.max_radius = 2.0;
DoglegStrategy strategy(options_);
TrustRegionStrategy::PerSolveOptions pso;
TrustRegionStrategy::Summary summary =
strategy.ComputeStep(pso, jacobian_.get(), residual_.data(), x_.data());
EXPECT_NE(summary.termination_type, LINEAR_SOLVER_FAILURE);
EXPECT_LE(x_.norm(), options_.initial_radius * (1.0 + 4.0 * kEpsilon));
}
TEST_F(DoglegStrategyFixtureEllipse, TrustRegionObeyedSubspace) {
std::unique_ptr<LinearSolver> linear_solver(
new DenseQRSolver(LinearSolver::Options()));
options_.linear_solver = linear_solver.get();
options_.dogleg_type = SUBSPACE_DOGLEG;
options_.initial_radius = 2.0;
options_.max_radius = 2.0;
DoglegStrategy strategy(options_);
TrustRegionStrategy::PerSolveOptions pso;
TrustRegionStrategy::Summary summary =
strategy.ComputeStep(pso, jacobian_.get(), residual_.data(), x_.data());
EXPECT_NE(summary.termination_type, LINEAR_SOLVER_FAILURE);
EXPECT_LE(x_.norm(), options_.initial_radius * (1.0 + 4.0 * kEpsilon));
}
TEST_F(DoglegStrategyFixtureEllipse, CorrectGaussNewtonStep) {
std::unique_ptr<LinearSolver> linear_solver(
new DenseQRSolver(LinearSolver::Options()));
options_.linear_solver = linear_solver.get();
options_.dogleg_type = SUBSPACE_DOGLEG;
options_.initial_radius = 10.0;
options_.max_radius = 10.0;
DoglegStrategy strategy(options_);
TrustRegionStrategy::PerSolveOptions pso;
TrustRegionStrategy::Summary summary =
strategy.ComputeStep(pso, jacobian_.get(), residual_.data(), x_.data());
EXPECT_NE(summary.termination_type, LINEAR_SOLVER_FAILURE);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(0), 1.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(1), 1.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(2), 1.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(3), 1.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(4), 1.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(5), 1.0, kToleranceLoose);
}
// Test if the subspace basis is a valid orthonormal basis of the space spanned
// by the gradient and the Gauss-Newton point.
TEST_F(DoglegStrategyFixtureEllipse, ValidSubspaceBasis) {
std::unique_ptr<LinearSolver> linear_solver(
new DenseQRSolver(LinearSolver::Options()));
options_.linear_solver = linear_solver.get();
options_.dogleg_type = SUBSPACE_DOGLEG;
options_.initial_radius = 2.0;
options_.max_radius = 2.0;
DoglegStrategy strategy(options_);
TrustRegionStrategy::PerSolveOptions pso;
strategy.ComputeStep(pso, jacobian_.get(), residual_.data(), x_.data());
// Check if the basis is orthonormal.
const Matrix basis = strategy.subspace_basis();
EXPECT_NEAR(basis.col(0).norm(), 1.0, kTolerance);
EXPECT_NEAR(basis.col(1).norm(), 1.0, kTolerance);
EXPECT_NEAR(basis.col(0).dot(basis.col(1)), 0.0, kTolerance);
// Check if the gradient projects onto itself.
const Vector gradient = strategy.gradient();
EXPECT_NEAR((gradient - basis * (basis.transpose() * gradient)).norm(),
0.0,
kTolerance);
// Check if the Gauss-Newton point projects onto itself.
const Vector gn = strategy.gauss_newton_step();
EXPECT_NEAR((gn - basis * (basis.transpose() * gn)).norm(), 0.0, kTolerance);
}
// Test if the step is correct if the gradient and the Gauss-Newton step point
// in the same direction and the Gauss-Newton step is outside the trust region,
// i.e. the trust region is active.
TEST_F(DoglegStrategyFixtureValley, CorrectStepLocalOptimumAlongGradient) {
std::unique_ptr<LinearSolver> linear_solver(
new DenseQRSolver(LinearSolver::Options()));
options_.linear_solver = linear_solver.get();
options_.dogleg_type = SUBSPACE_DOGLEG;
options_.initial_radius = 0.25;
options_.max_radius = 0.25;
DoglegStrategy strategy(options_);
TrustRegionStrategy::PerSolveOptions pso;
TrustRegionStrategy::Summary summary =
strategy.ComputeStep(pso, jacobian_.get(), residual_.data(), x_.data());
EXPECT_NE(summary.termination_type, LINEAR_SOLVER_FAILURE);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(0), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(1), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(2), options_.initial_radius, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(3), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(4), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(5), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
}
// Test if the step is correct if the gradient and the Gauss-Newton step point
// in the same direction and the Gauss-Newton step is inside the trust region,
// i.e. the trust region is inactive.
TEST_F(DoglegStrategyFixtureValley, CorrectStepGlobalOptimumAlongGradient) {
std::unique_ptr<LinearSolver> linear_solver(
new DenseQRSolver(LinearSolver::Options()));
options_.linear_solver = linear_solver.get();
options_.dogleg_type = SUBSPACE_DOGLEG;
options_.initial_radius = 2.0;
options_.max_radius = 2.0;
DoglegStrategy strategy(options_);
TrustRegionStrategy::PerSolveOptions pso;
TrustRegionStrategy::Summary summary =
strategy.ComputeStep(pso, jacobian_.get(), residual_.data(), x_.data());
EXPECT_NE(summary.termination_type, LINEAR_SOLVER_FAILURE);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(0), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(1), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(2), 1.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(3), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(4), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
EXPECT_NEAR(x_(5), 0.0, kToleranceLoose);
}
} // namespace internal
} // namespace ceres