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// Ceres Solver - A fast non-linear least squares minimizer
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// Bicubic interpolation with automatic differentiation
//
// We will use estimation of 2d shift as a sample problem for bicubic
// interpolation.
//
// Let us define f(x, y) = x * x - y * x + y * y
// And optimize cost function sum_i [f(x_i + s_x, y_i + s_y) - v_i]^2
//
// Bicubic interpolation of f(x, y) will be exact, thus we can expect close to
// perfect convergence
#include "ceres/ceres.h"
#include "ceres/cubic_interpolation.h"
#include "glog/logging.h"
using Grid = ceres::Grid2D<double>;
using Interpolator = ceres::BiCubicInterpolator<Grid>;
// Cost-function using autodiff interface of BiCubicInterpolator
struct AutoDiffBiCubicCost {
EIGEN_MAKE_ALIGNED_OPERATOR_NEW;
template <typename T>
bool operator()(const T* s, T* residual) const {
using Vector2T = Eigen::Matrix<T, 2, 1>;
Eigen::Map<const Vector2T> shift(s);
const Vector2T point = point_ + shift;
T v;
interpolator_.Evaluate(point.y(), point.x(), &v);
*residual = v - value_;
return true;
}
AutoDiffBiCubicCost(const Interpolator& interpolator,
const Eigen::Vector2d& point,
double value)
: point_(point), value_(value), interpolator_(interpolator) {}
static ceres::CostFunction* Create(const Interpolator& interpolator,
const Eigen::Vector2d& point,
double value) {
return new ceres::AutoDiffCostFunction<AutoDiffBiCubicCost, 1, 2>(
new AutoDiffBiCubicCost(interpolator, point, value));
}
const Eigen::Vector2d point_;
const double value_;
const Interpolator& interpolator_;
};
// Function for input data generation
static double f(const double& x, const double& y) {
return x * x - y * x + y * y;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
google::InitGoogleLogging(argv[0]);
// Problem sizes
const int kGridRowsHalf = 9;
const int kGridColsHalf = 11;
const int kGridRows = 2 * kGridRowsHalf + 1;
const int kGridCols = 2 * kGridColsHalf + 1;
const int kPoints = 4;
const Eigen::Vector2d shift(1.234, 2.345);
const std::array<Eigen::Vector2d, kPoints> points = {
Eigen::Vector2d{-2., -3.},
Eigen::Vector2d{-2., 3.},
Eigen::Vector2d{2., 3.},
Eigen::Vector2d{2., -3.}};
// Data is a row-major array of kGridRows x kGridCols values of function
// f(x, y) on the grid, with x in {-kGridColsHalf, ..., +kGridColsHalf},
// and y in {-kGridRowsHalf, ..., +kGridRowsHalf}
double data[kGridRows * kGridCols];
for (int i = 0; i < kGridRows; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < kGridCols; ++j) {
// Using row-major order
int index = i * kGridCols + j;
double y = i - kGridRowsHalf;
double x = j - kGridColsHalf;
data[index] = f(x, y);
}
}
const Grid grid(data,
-kGridRowsHalf,
kGridRowsHalf + 1,
-kGridColsHalf,
kGridColsHalf + 1);
const Interpolator interpolator(grid);
Eigen::Vector2d shift_estimate(3.1415, 1.337);
ceres::Problem problem;
problem.AddParameterBlock(shift_estimate.data(), 2);
for (const auto& p : points) {
const Eigen::Vector2d shifted = p + shift;
const double v = f(shifted.x(), shifted.y());
problem.AddResidualBlock(AutoDiffBiCubicCost::Create(interpolator, p, v),
nullptr,
shift_estimate.data());
}
ceres::Solver::Options options;
options.minimizer_progress_to_stdout = true;
ceres::Solver::Summary summary;
ceres::Solve(options, &problem, &summary);
std::cout << summary.BriefReport() << '\n';
std::cout << "Bicubic interpolation with automatic derivatives:\n";
std::cout << "Estimated shift: " << shift_estimate.transpose()
<< ", ground-truth: " << shift.transpose()
<< " (error: " << (shift_estimate - shift).transpose() << ")"
<< std::endl;
CHECK_LT((shift_estimate - shift).norm(), 1e-9);
return 0;
}